Pharmaceutical Compounds Containing Pyridine Ring

Pharmaceutical compounds containing pyridine ring. Introduction : †¢ Pyridine is heterocyclic natural compound with the concoction recipe C5H5N. It is basically identified with benzene, with one CH group replaced by nitrogen atom. ï  ¶ Pyridine: †¢ Is not fixed, colorless or yellowish liquid, fishy odor. Boundlessly dissolvable in water, readily soluble in alcohols, ethers, oils and benzene. †¢ It is utilized as a precursor to an agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals and is additionally a vital dissolvable and reagent. †¢ Pyridine was initially secluded and described by Anderson. It was acquired from bone oil and from coal tar. The cyclic way of pyridine was perceived by korner and dewar. It assumes a key part catalyzing both biological and chemical system. †¢ In numerous catalysts of living organisms. It is the prosthetic pyridine nucleotide (NADP) that is included in different oxidation reduction form. †¢ Other proof, of the strong movement of pyridine in biological systems. It is presence in the important vitamins and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and also in highly dangerous toxic alkaloids, for example Nicotine. In pharmaceutical business, pyridine shapes [forms] the core [nucleus] of more than 7000 existing medication. Pyridine ring framework is generally appropriated in nature, particularly in plant kingdom. Numerous imperative alkaloids atropine from Atropa belladonna, deadly night shade contains saturated pyridine nucleus. In antiquated times lady haveShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Molecules With Fluorine By Andre Marie Ampere1155 Words   |  5 Pagesfluorine source for the fluorine industry. Fluorine has interested the chemistry and pharmaceutical community since its discovery on account of its special properties such as small size, high electronegativity, and low polarisability. [1] The length of the C-F bond is almost the same as the length as the C-H bond (1.39 and 1.09 Ã…, respectively) [1] . Therefore, introduction of one or more fluorine atoms into an organic compound can result in changes of conformation and reactivity compared to those of theRead MoreA Brief Look at Camptothecin3328 Words   |  13 Pagesprotector and a barrier against excessive sun exposure as well as in Chinese medicines and natural remedies. Its quick growing nature and tall structure is what makes it so readily available. With the stem, the root and the seeds in the plant all containing the active ingredient Camptothecin, ample amounts of the drug is obtainable from each individual tree. Moist and warm conditions are the best growing conditions for the C.acuminate plant which many try to imitate in other parts of the world to growRead MoreREVIEW - Phytochemical Screening and Extraction4270 Words   |  18 PagesPlants have been known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda. Therefore, the researchers today are emphasizing on evaluation Prashant Tiwari*, Bimlesh Kumar, Mandeep Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur, Harleen Kaur Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phagwara, Punjab and Date of Submission: 12-01-2011 Date of Acceptance: 22-02-2011 Conflict of interest: Nil Source of support: None characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number ofRead MoreUsing Porous Organometallic Compounds For Various Material Applications2175 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In the past century extensive research has been conducted on porous organometallic compounds for use in various material applications. Although numerous compounds containing Lewis bases, such as nitriles and bipyridines and have been reported to be successful at the sorption of small molecules, the desorption of the guest often leads to structural collapse of the host. 1,2 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown to be a valuable class of newer materials that can support permanent

Role of a Manager - 777 Words

BHRM401 The Role of the Manager Jamaal Wilson W1412278 | Examining the extent to which the career paths of two interviewed people conform to the pattern of the Managerial Escalator. | BHRM401 The Role of the Manager Jamaal Wilson W1412278 | Examining the extent to which the career paths of two interviewed people conform to the pattern of the Managerial Escalator. | Contents Introduction 2 Findings Manager 1 3 Findings Manager 2 3 Discussion Manager 1 3 Discussion Manager 2 3 Referencing 4 Appendices 4 Appendix 1 Interview Schedule 4 Appendix 2 Contact Numbers 4 Introduction The purpose of this report is to establish how two the concept of the managerial escalator (Rees amp; Porter, 2008,) fits in†¦show more content†¦An example may be extra supervisory duties and after a period of consistent competency it would not be unusual for the specialist to be formally promoted. However given the structure of modern day organisations, the promotion would often include a set number of managerial responsibilities, for example a specialist may now be responsible for producing team rotas upon taking on their new position after demonstrating an acceptable level of competence whilst informally taking on the their informal role. This can be exemplified in the retail industry more so than any other. It also brings forth the term Hybrid manager a term first devised by Peter Coin in the mid-1980s. According to David Skryme, (2015) ‘A person with strong technical skills and adequate business knowledge or vice versa .... Hybrids are people with technical skil ls able to work in user areas doing a line job, but adept at developing and implementing IT application ideas’ Findings Manager 1 The first person interviewed was a regional support manager at Vodafone, Anish Kapur, when asked how long he had worked at the company he replied, for just over 11 years and started off as a temporary sales advisor. He went on to explain that when he initially joined the company that he had no intention for staying as long as he has. It was just a Christmas temping role, nothing out of the norm. HoweverShow MoreRelatedRole Of Manager : The Role Of Manager872 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Manager. Conflicts. I remember a conflict in which I were involved during my adult nursing II (med-surge) rotation at Northside Hospital. One of my colleague nurse student shared with me her concern about a procedure performed by her preceptor which was different than the procedure technique taught to us in class from the nursing book. 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Previously, financial managers were seen as the stewards of the organization, since they were responsible to ensure the accountability of all organizational assets and to generate accurate financial reports. Today, their main goal is to maximize shareholder value. In order to achieve this goal, they have to be information managers, cost managers, controllers, consultants, and risk managersRead MoreRoles Of A Financial Manager861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roles of a Financial Manager are many, but their primary goal is to warrant growth of the proprietor’s wealth and to ensure maximum profit of the company. When a financial manager achieves his or her personal goals of a company, they too will be successful, (Moyer, et al, 2008). The decisions of financial managers are capital structure, working capital management and capital budgeting. A financial manager has to decide on the type of investments that the company should undertake (Siegel ShimRead MoreRole of Case Managers985 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: ROLE OF CASE MANAGERS Role of Case Managers Carlos Michael Padilla BSHS 402: Case Management Sammye Williams-Hitchye April 13, 2009 Role of Case Managers In the Milos Forman film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975), Randle Patrick McMurphy (Jack Nicholson), a recidivist criminal serving a short prison term is transferred to a mental institution due to behavioral problems. It is in that institution that McMurphy meets Nurse Ratchet (Louise Fletcher), a bullishRead MoreRoles of Managers and Individuals1274 Words   |  6 PagesRoles of Managers and Individuals Paper Tod M. Stewart MGT/426 - Managing Change in the Workplace August 26, 2013 Dr. George R. Monk, PhD Roles of Managers and Individuals Paper Change is inevitable. Change brings rebirth, renewal, an opportunity to redefine and refocus on how individuals and organizations interact within its environment. Change management seeks the acceptance and adoption of new creative and innovative ways of performing their duties. Change can come in the form of a systemsRead MoreThe Role Of The Nurse Manager971 Words   |  4 Pages The role of the nurse manager is shifting away from an administrative one and becoming more hands on and as such; there will have to be a change in leadership style from task orientated to relationship orientated. Transformational leadership style emphasises relationship management. Relationship orientated managers, like Anne are able to increase self-efficacy and have a positive effect on individuals as well as the whole team (Nielsen et at.2009 and McGuie and Kennerlydy 2006). This is definitelyRead MoreRole of the Financial Manager1139 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the Financial Manager Paper Introduction Shareholders own companies and are therefore entitled to a return on their investments when the companies are performing well. It becomes the financial managers role to ensure that shareholders are receiving a maximum return on their investment. This project will concentrate on defining the different roles and objectives of financial managers in their attempt to maximize shareholder value. Furthermore, the viewpoint of stockholders will also

The Inconsiderate Driver free essay sample

I witnessed an ugly incident after school yesterday while waiting for my mother to pick up. I noticed that there was an unusual traffic congestion at the pick-up area. Upon further scrunity I noticed that one driver had parked his car right smack inthe middle of the road ,directly in front of the school gate. The drivers behind him were getting impatient as he was obstructing traffic and preventing others from driving up to the gate to pick up their children. A few cars behind him began honking for him to move on to ease the congestion. Instead of driving off, the driver sat obstinately in his car and began to blare his horn while looking to see if his child had emerged from school. Everyone was beginning to stare at the driver who refused to budge. When the school security guard heard the commotion ,he came forward and signaled to the driver to move his car. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inconsiderate Driver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To my horror,the driver alighted and began yelling obscenities at the guard. Just then his child appeared. The poor boy looked embarassed by his fathers behaviour. He quickly got in and they drove off. I wondered what might have happened if the child had not appeared at that moment. I was disgusted at the behaviour of the driver who showed complete lack of consideration for others and set a poor example for his own child.

The Poetry of Seamus Heaney Essay Example For Students

The Poetry of Seamus Heaney Essay Haney was regarded by some, such as the American poet Robert Lowell, as the greatest Irish poet since Yeats, and the quality and quantity of his poetry certainly reflected this statement. Poems are born of disillusionment, and this is especially evident in the poetry of Seams Haney that deals with Iron age bog bodies as its focus. Poems such as Tolland Man and The Agreeable Man use these bodies as metaphors to express the authors skepticism that modern-day Irish society is any more civilized than its Iron Age equivalent. Haney shows us that violence is a recurring theme of the unman condition, and in this sense the study of ancient bog bodies has allowed him to become disillusioned with the notion that humanity and Irish society has progressed. We will write a custom essay on The Poetry of Seamus Heaney specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This critique of society is usually expressed by a comparison of the violence that created the bog body with corresponding aspect of modern Irish society, such as the poem Punishment, which contrasts an Iron age girl who was killed as a punishment for adultery with girls during The Troubles who were tarred and feathered for sleeping with British soldiers; and Bog queen, which contrasts an ancient sacrifice with modern-day sectarian violence. Yet Honeys work is not all dark. In the very same poems, Haney expressed his hope that the world will change, and that his poetry could be a means to that end. By antipathies with history we will be less likely to repeat its mistakes, and Haney saw his poetry as a tool to convey this emotion. Put simply, Haney hoped that his poetry would make the world a better place. Poems are born of disillusionment One Haney poem where the authors disillusionment of Irish society shows is the bog poem Tolland man. This poem begins with a description of the process that ransomed an ancient man into the eponymous bog body that was retrieved by turf cutters in Denmark thousands of years later and moved to a museum. At the time of writing, the body was believed to be a the victim of a ritualistic killing, as the ancient Danes believed that the earth goddess Unearths needed to be fertilized by a male sacrifice in order to produce good crops the next season. In this sense, the Tolland man is a seed, planted in the ground to rejuvenate the land, and this is an idea that Haney explores throughout the poem. Lines such as l could risk blasphemy/ Consecrate the cauldron bog/Our holy ground and pray/Him to make germinate, mi the idea of sacrifice with Honeys own Christian beliefs, and introduce the reader to the idea that Haney has also witnessed religiously motivated killings, namely the Irish civil war and The Troubles, which Haney has lived through and been affect by. This link is made more explicit in the next stanza, where Haney says The scattered, ambushed/Flesh of laborers, referring to victims of the Irish conflict. By comparing the sacrifice in ancient Denmark to modern day Irish sectarian violence, Haney shows how he has become disillusioned with the idea that Irish society has progressed. This is further shown in the last stanza where Haney says that when h visits Tolland Mans body in Denmark he will feel l will feel lost,/Unhappy and at home. , lost, because he is in a foreign country, unhappy because of the unpleasant way the Tolland man died, but at home, because unfortunately he knows the violence all too well. Honeys disillusionment with Irish society is also shown in the poem Punishment. This poem deals with another bog body, believed at the time of discovery to have en a young girl who was killed as a punishment for adultery. The poem describes the cruel way that the girl was punished and killed by using a nautical metaphor, such as referring to the frail rigging of her ribs, before comparing the girls plight t the modern day plight of girls in Ulster who were tarred and feathered for sleeping with British soldiers. When Haney says through the poem that he casts the stones of silence, he is referring to the fact that if he had lived in those times, he would have felt sympathy for the Little Adulteress but would not have stepped in or voice his opinion at the proceedings. He knows this because in a similar situation, the tarring and feathering of Ulster girls, he was not brave enough to speak up. Civilized society often has a very hypocritical approach towards violence, and is quick to condemn the behavior of ancient people even though similar behavior happens in the modern world. Many people would like to believe that if they were in a terrible situation where others were being humiliated or punished, such as the drowning of the ancient German girl, they would speak out, or do something to help. Haney himself held this view, but the tarring and feathering of the Ulster girls wowed him otherwise, and he expresses his disillusionment with the strength of hi character through his poetry. Ironically, in the process of making a poem about the stones of silence, he does speak out and is perhaps slightly relieved of his moral guilt. .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 , .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .postImageUrl , .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 , .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:hover , .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:visited , .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:active { border:0!important; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:active , .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988 .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae3ce33b69b5c689a9d005564d078988:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Analysis EssayThe poem Bog Queen also deals with disillusionment through the examination of a bog body. Instead of explicitly explaining the nature of her death, Haney focuses o the state of her body as it lies in the ground and the chemical processes that have preserved it until the point it was finally found by turf cutters. Unlike most Haney poems, Haney takes the perspective of the Bog Queen in the poem instead of commenting as an external observer, and the repeated motif of l lay waiting throughout the poem suggests that the body knows that it will see the light again. Haney describes all the damage on the body without shielding the reader from the reality of the violence, his descriptions of hacked bone make us realize that the damage to the body cannot be undone. In the last stanza, the Bog Queen rises from the ground like a zombie from a horror movie, and the cuts and scars only seem to trenched her. An extended metaphor runs through the poem, with the bog body constantly compared to the earth and the land. Her sash is compared to a black glacier and the lines the nuzzle of fjords/at my thighs make it seem like her legs are the hills. In the context of the poem this metaphor serves as an imagery device, to help us understand the way the decomposition process has affected the body, but within the context of Honeys other bog poems the body becomes a representation of the Irish land. For Haney, the people and the land of Ireland form an inseparable allegations, and he sees a Scar on the land as a Scar on the people, and vice versa. Haney does not show his own disillusionment in this poem, but rather the disillusionment of Irish society towards the British. At first the land, and thus the people, are dormant in the ground, perhaps believing that the conflict is over. They become rudely disillusioned from this idea when further atrocities are committed, as represented in the poem when the turf-cutter is bribed by a member of the British nobility to cut her hair, a slimy birth-cord out of the bog. This causes her to rise, threatened by the damage to her body. The cuts and scars on the body represent the crimes against the Irish people, and Haney wants to show us that Just as scars strengthen the bog queen, the Irish people will rise and be strengthened by the historical crimes against them. It is important to note that Haney is not necessarily talking about a violent revolution, but a revitalization of Gaelic language and culture. In these poems, Haney expresses disillusionment towards different aspects of the violence in Ireland. In Tolland Man and Punishment, Haney deals with his own guillotines that Irish society has progressed beyond its primitive roots through the examination of ancient bog bodies. In Bog Queen, Haney uses a bog body to show Irish societys disillusionment with the hope that there will be no more sectarian violence in Ireland. Both kinds of disillusionment share the common theme of violence. Through his poems, Haney shares his belief that violence is an recurring aspect of the human condition from both his own view and the view of society. What did Haney hope to achieve in his poetry? As well as expressing disillusionment with the supposedly civilized nature of Irish society, Honeys bog poems often convey a message of hope. This can be seen in the poem Tolland Man, where Haney aimed to convey a message of hope by bringing meaning to Irish tragedy. As previously discussed, Haney compared an ancient sacrificed bog body to victims of modern Irish violence. In this poem, the similarity between the victims of the violence is used to express Honeys disillusionment with Irish society, but the difference between the victims is used to convey the poets message of hope. Although in both cases innocent people were violently killed, the scattered, ambushed/Flesh of laborers who died in the Irish conflict were killed in a random spontaneous bout of violence, as opposed to the Tolland Man, who was killed in the name of the greater good. This is explained in the poem through the damage to the body car the ground like a Zorn strengthen her An ext constantly compared to help us understand the the canted at He relationship, and he set versa, Haney does not people. Are dormant in represented in the Poe inabilitys cut her hair strengthened by the dad strengthen the bog queue instars gag ins talking a v. Eleanor . A these poems. Haney he tot manic stout Irish sore. En/s distill aspect of the human co Wharf did Haney hope As well as expressing del sir,clever. /, Honeys hog PC pave Tolland Man, w meaning TA Irish aged sacrifice red to v society but the dif message of none. Alto scattered, Unleashed/F a rancho. Spontaneous themes of fertilization, where the Tolland man is seen as a the ground to bring a fresh start and renew the land. Henna pray(s)/Him (The Tolland Man) to make germinate the body Irish violence, they will also have had meaningful deaths that the same way that the Danes believed that Tolland mans De land of Denmark. Honeys idea of a Rexroth of the land is motivated however, as Haney hopes that the victims of the Rexroth of the Irish culture and nationalism. .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 , .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .postImageUrl , .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 , .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:hover , .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:visited , .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:active { border:0!important; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:active , .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368 .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04111ce15c92592937fd3de893922368:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Frost's Use of Nature In Poetry EssayAs Haney say the understanding of his Iron Age contemporaries, the sacrifice Man germinated into spring, so the poem wants a similar FL violence in the present. The Tolland Man is, in Honeys w unintentional sacrifice of the victims of the Irish conflict will resolution to Ireland. In this poem, Haney aims to convey h good can come from tragedy. A positive message for the future is also conveyed in the Poe This poem describes with vivid detail a bog body who has did omelet with Slashed throat. This time the body in quests who lived around the same time as Julius Caesar. Throughout constantly compares the body with nature and the earth. His bog oak while his spine is referred to as an eel arrested/u Though the tone of the piece, it is clear that Haney sees the and wondrous thing. Who will say corpse/to his vivid cast? say body/to his opaque repose? . This balance between the body and the brutal reality is brought to a head near the en Haney proclaims that the dying Gaul is hung in the scale atrocity. Honeys aim in this poem was to communicate the hints can come from even the most dire circumstances. HTH further meaning when applied in the greater context of He Although no explicit link is made in this poem to the Irish trot with a poem such as Tolland Man, the way that the Grab beautiful in death is very similar to the way that the Tolland ground to rejuvenate the land. Both poems serve as a metal and convey Honeys hope that those who died will bring ABA The Agreeable man, like the Tolland man, is also beautiful in cause. This is a direct contrast to the victims of the Irish con deaths in the eyes of most. Through his poetry, Haney tries meaning to the deaths of the modern Irish as the ancient b Many poets are very apolitical and lofty in their poems, but ability and responsibility to pity the planet, to be not con used his poems as tools to change peoples understanding o this by showing the public that Irish death can also have m Another poem where Haney shows his hope for the future Punishment. In this poem, Haney shows the similarities b young girl for in ancient times for committing adultery and the tarring and feathering of modern day girls in Ulster for the crime of sleeping with British soldiers. He expresses his distaste with those who claim that modern day Ireland is any more civilized in the lines: who would connive in civilized outrage yet understand the exact and tribal, intimate revenge. In this poem, Haney goes into vivid detail about the nature of the girls death. We are not spared the brutal detail of the frail rigging of her ribs and the reality of her drowned body. These harsh realities, when compared to modern Ireland, help to make the public aware of the fact that brutality as severe as what was happening in ancient times is still happening in Ireland. By showing people the true nature of this conflict, Haney hopes to change societys opinion of the violence. l cant think of a case where poems changed the world says Haney, but what they do is they change peoples understanding of whats going on in the world. Haney hopes that if people read his poems, they will understand the seriousness and brutality of the Irish conflict. Although they are dark in nature, Seams Haney used his bog poems to change peoples understanding of events, and to convey his hope for a better Ireland. Punishment achieves this by contrasting the killing of a young girl for in ancient mimes and the tarring and feathering of modern day girls in Ulster, in an attempt to make society realize the true nature of the Irish conflict. Tolland Man and The Agreeable Man achieve this by showing Honeys belief that the deaths of innocents in the Irish conflict should hold the same meaning and significance as the victims of ancient violence in Denmark did. All three pieces show Honeys intention of making Ireland a better place by changing public perception of events. In conclusion, the bog poetry of Seams Haney shows his disillusionment with the civilized nature of Irish society, while at the same time conveying a message of hope f or the future of Ireland. With this poetry, Haney wanted to change society view of the conflict in Ireland and show people its true nature. He believed that by doing this, the deaths of innocents would not have been in vain, because they would have helped him achieve his goal of changing this perception. Because his poems are born of disillusionment with society, they provide a platform for society to realize its own hypocrisy and progress beyond it, while at the same time providing meaning to mingled pointless deaths because they have helped achieve this goal.

In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop Essays

In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop Essays In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop Paper In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop Paper Essay Topic: In the Waiting Room Can you see from this description of her childhood experience any connection between the young Bishop and the poet she will later become? From my reading of the description of Elizabeth Bishops childhood experience, I am able to make many connections between the young Bishop and the poet she will later become. I realized that both experience different types of epiphanies, both clutch to familiarity, perceive the world as a perplexing and terrifying place. In In the Waiting Room young Elizabeth Bishop experiences a peculiar epiphany In which she quickly connects the talk naked women to herself. She realizes that she, too Is a woman and that they are all connected by gender. I think Elizabeth Bishop even from an early sage discovers the harsh truth of reality and that life as a woman will Indeed Include suffering Just like the women With the necks of light bulbs. She notices also that her aunt Console Is In deep pain when an Oh! Escapes her mouth. In Sestina the child also makes connections and experiences her own epiphany she quickly realizes that she must stay strong despite a terrible trauma that has unfortunately happened to her and her family. She has an epiphany and realizes that there is no mint inn crying no matter how terrible the loss is to her. Instead of producing tears, she decides it is time to plant tears and puts all her confusion and sadness in order to create something beautiful. In The Prodigal also the prodigal experiences an epiphany. He realizes that there is more to life than cleaning out a pig sty plastered [with] glass-smooth dung and learns that there are other dimensions to his life. He knows that no matter what he did or didnt do, he will always be forgiven by those who loved him dearly. For these reasons, I think there are more connections between the young Bishop and the poet she later becomes.

The Pre-Trial Motions Stage of a Criminal Case

The Pre-Trial Motions Stage of a Criminal Case After it is decided that a criminal case will proceed to trial, pre-trial motions can be presented to the court that can influence how the trial is conducted. Those motions can address many different topics and issues. Pre-trial motions can address the evidence to be presented at the trial, the witnesses who will testify and even the type of defense the defendant can present. For example, if a defendant plans to plead not guilty by reason of insanity, a pre-trial motion must be made to the court and a hearing conducted to determine if that defense will be allowed. The same is true if the defendant pleads guilty but mentally ill. Each pre-trial motion can prompt a mini-trial before the judge in which witnesses can be presented. Most pre-trial motion hearings consist of the prosecution and defense making oral arguments to support their case, along with written arguments citing case law precedents. In pre-trial motions, the judge makes the final decision. There is no jury present. For each side, depending on how the judge rules, that ruling can be the basis for a future appeal. The defense can argue that the judge made an error in the ruling, affecting the outcome of the eventual trial. Pre-trial motions can address a broad range of issues. Some common ones include: Motion to Dismiss An attempt to get a judge to dismiss a charge or the entire case. If may be used when there is not enough evidence or when the evidence or facts in the case do not equal a crime. It is also filed when the court does not have the authority or jurisdiction to make a ruling in the case. For example, if a will is being contested, the case would have to be decided by a probate court and not a small claims court. A motion to dismiss the case based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction would likely be filed. Motion for Change of Venue Most often a request for a change of venue of the trial is due to pre-trial publicity. Famous Cases When Changes of Venue were Granted The four Los Angeles police officers charged with assault of Rodney King in 1991, had their trial moved from  Los Angeles County to  Ventura County.Oklahoma City Bomber Timothy McVeigh was granted a change of venue  from Oklahoma to the U.S. District Court in Denver, Colorado.Beltway snipers Lee Boyd Malvo and John Allen Muhammad had their trials moved from northern Virginia to Chesapeake and Virginia Beach, in southeastern Virginia. Motion to Suppress Evidence Used to keep certain statements or evidence from being introduced as evidence. Seasoned judges will not admit any statement or evidence into evidence that could serve as a basis for a reversal of a conviction. A motion to suppress evidence often addresses issues such as Evidence seized illegally.Confessions wrongly obtained.Statements improperly obtained.If there was probable cause to make an arrest. For example, if police conducted a search without probable cause (in violation of the Fourth Amendment), an attempt to suppress the evidence found as a result of that search might be granted. The Casey Anthony Case; Motion to Suppress Evidence Casey Anthony was found not guilty of first-degree murder, aggravated child abuse, and aggravated manslaughter of her child, Caylee Anthony. Judge Belvin Perry denied Anthonys defense attorneys motions to suppress statements made by Anthony to George, Cindy, and Lee Anthony, pen pal Robyn Adams and corrections officer Sylvia Hernandez. The judge also denied the defenses motion to suppress statements Anthony made to law enforcement because she had not been read her Miranda Rights. The judge agreed with prosecutors that at the time of the statements, Anthony was not a suspect. Although the defense motions to suppress evidence were denied, Anthony was found not guilty. However, had she been found guilty, the denial to suppress evidence could have been used in the appeals process to reverse the conviction. Other Examples of Pre-Trial Motions To challenge the search warrant issued in the case.To exclude some evidence gathered during the search.To exclude statements made by the defendant to investigators.To determine if expert witnesses can testify.To challenge expert testimony.To request a gag order in the case.

What impact are technologies such as iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube having Essay

What impact are technologies such as iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube having on audiences and broadcasters - Essay Example The current scenario is as Negroponte surmised in the mid-nineties, â€Å"wholly new content will emerge from digital, as will new players, new economic models and a likely cottage industry of information and entertainment providers† (1995, p. 18). In the recent years, emergence of new technologies like the iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube along with the merging of various market forces have led to contention over the fact as whether traditional form of broadcasting would be soon obsolete, owing to widespread Internet use, or whether the audience would switch over and browse Internet primarily through their televisions. The industries that function within the arena of mass media and communications face persistent pressure in the form of ever-growing demands from their audiences, and they must necessarily conform and evolve in order to meet these demands and survive the stiff market competition. In order to retain their audience, the television industry adopted the process of converge nce with Internet, where it became possible for â€Å"multiplexing - the ability to offer ancillary digital streams of data, image sound and interactivity simultaneously† .... Discussion The introduction of modern technology in the arena of television industry during the late 1990s signalled a sort of abundance, when the number of channels being aired increased, while simultaneously expanding their worldwide purview, along with the addition of new storage and interactive faculties. The complete switch over to digital TV from the older analogue version started region wise in UK, from 2008 and is expected to end by 2012. Even though the changeover to digital version is nearly over, the switch over to a high-tech Smart TV (that converged TV with internet) until the end of 2011 was relatively low, where observations reveal that until recently only 12% of the British people had a Smart TV in their homes, a figure which is now progressively increasingly (Brilot, 2012). Within communications and mass media sector, television is the last segment to have received internet connection (Brilot, 2012). It was viewed that the chief successor to the traditional form of t elevision broadcasting services would be the internet-based video streaming sites that would offer a revolutionary mode of interactive sessions, along with personalised television programs (Harries, 2002, 219). Therefore, it was regarded that the online video streaming websites would turn out to be a main competitor for the traditional form of television broadcasting. However, recent reports show otherwise, where it is observed that traditional live TV viewing is still more popular amongst UK audience (more than 90% of the total population prefer ‘live’ TV viewing), than the modern technological developments, that include iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube viewing (Bairamian, 2010). Besides this, despite various sites that offer direct viewing of videos (like YouTube or iPlayer)

Ins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ins - Essay Example The reason for making senders and receivers in each group is to have clearly defined roles in communication so that the communication can be analyzed from both perspectives. Besides, students’ roles as senders and receivers will be altered from one method of communication to another so that everybody has a fair chance to analyze communication from both roles. Students will be asked to share the requirements of each method of communication, barriers to effective communication in each method, and pros and cons of each method of communication. Having undergone the exercise and tried each method of communication, students will be expected to have a detailed insight into the various methods of communication employed in the contemporary industry. This understanding will help them make informed decisions while deciding the appropriate means and methods of communication in the various business contexts. Students’ reflective reports will be discussed in the class so that everybo dy is equally informed on the various challenges, weaknesses, strengths, and opportunities presented by the different communication

Triggered by the “Kolombusus-21’s exhibition” Essay Example for Free

Triggered by the â€Å"Kolombusus-21’s exhibition† Essay The issue of space travel has been widely debated in recent times, with opinions ranging from total support to a waste of money. In his opinion piece in ‘Daily newspaper’, entitled ‘Exploring our dreams’, Yvette Yergon uses a humble tone in contending that the government should provide more funds available for space travel. In contrast, Dr Peter Laikis’s sarcastic letter to the editor, ‘Off the planet’ appeals to all the people who have an interest in current world dilemmas, suggesting that our governments focus and  attention should be spent here on Earth rather than space travel. Yvette opens with statistics. The claim space is only ‘160km away’, ‘while Canberra to victoria is further away’ appeals to the readers logical side. Allowing them to believe, ‘space isn’t that far away’. It allows the reader to put in perspective how far space is really away. In addition by using a distance like ‘Victoria to Canberra’ it appears to be a very achievable distance, therefore making Yvette’s ‘dream’ a very possible ‘dream’ with which the reader can identify. The statistics give  Yvette credibility. Credibility, which is extended by the inclusion of personal background information. This allows Yvette’s views accepted as believable. Referring to the new possibilities that space exploration could lead to or fortunes that lie above, like ‘10,00 tones of gold’ inclines the reader share his ‘dream’. Leaning the reader to believe that space may hold the key or play a part in the future of earth. Yvette invokes hope by inviting the reader into a story. He records the observations of a young guide who starts, ‘it might only be a dream now’ using a  personal tone pulls the reader to his side. Going on to say ‘but one day it might come true’ showing the reader that his dream might be out of reach at the moment, but in the future may be very possible. The guides youth and enthusiasm is apparent and the reader is encouraged. The visuals assist with Yvette’s arguments. The first visual is an image of Kolombus’s ship. This picture represents how that ship was once the equivalent of a spacecraft discovering new continents, when it was thought to be impossible. Byincluding this it highlights, fin ding new continents was once impossible, showing the reading that there may possible be other world that just haven’t been discovered yet. The second visual shows all the befits that come from space travel. These include solar cells, global positioning system, safe food processing, radial tyres and medical imaging. All items that are very prevalent in society today, that we would not have without space travel. This positions the reader to believe that not only will space travel help us with mapping the solar system, but it will also help us to  discover or create new resources that would be beneficial for today’s society. Yvette ends by appealing to the readers’ emotions. Yvette tells how ‘we must recharge our scientific batteries’, ‘invest in the technology of tomorrow’. By using these example pushes the readers to look past their daily lives and in to the future. Pushing the readers to believe that we can grow as a society, through the funding space travel ‘Wake-up, Yvette’ by Dr Laikis, opens with a pun on Yvette’s title , suggesting that he must literally wake up from his dream, as it will only be a dream.  By using this humorous tone, draws his reader to believe that Yvette’s ‘dream’ absorbed and childish. He follows with ‘when did governments ever fund†¦ for peaceful purposes’, showing that his idea is also absurd. Dr Laikis points to a major flaw in Yvette’s argument. Even if countries wanted to explore space, it is very unlikely for every country to agree on the politics. This criticism, allows the reader to see how unlikely Yvette’s ‘dream’ may be. Dr Laikis finishes with an alternant ‘dream’; his dream is much closer to home. By doing this he reveals to the reader that we don’t need to look out in space to grow, but fix the problems on earth. Both Yvette and Dr Laikis were both persuasive, as they each positioned the reader to assume both were correct. Yvette persuaded by using a neutral tone, with many stories of what ‘could be’ if the government decided to fund the government. While Dr Laikis persuaded by using a sarcastic tone and mocking Yvette’s points while still pointing out their flaws. Yvette’s opinion piece was overall more persuasive as it had statistics and facts, while Dr Laikis was only his opinion.

The Future Of Intelligence :: essays research papers

An argument between two scientists ,one of them wanting to alter ageing in humans ,and generating life into a controlled environment: A* well, that was in 2000 wasn’t it? But they could not see this happening †¦it was debated, but legalized in 2004. But this is outrageous. C* I haven’t slept for the last 89 hours†¦and I don’t feel numb†¦ A* But how long will it go on ? Will there be any more children ? Would any one want them? Will it end? People may live but will the earth live as long as them†¦.? C* That is true†¦the people will live as long as they desire. They will die only when they wish to ,by damaging their own organs and not replacing or implanting newly made ones into themselves . Children will come only when anyone wants them. The idea of marriage will be lost as any person will be able to create for himself , what I would call a ‘sex object’ which could be a person of desired characteristics based on the desire of the user. the user will then be able to program his own psyche to develop varied sexual interest after introspective moments where he studies his requirements and selects his mood. He will be able to accelerate the growth of this object to feed his hunger If he does change this desire , his earlier sexual interests will be wiped out of his memory ,thus rejuvenating him and urging him to carry on . this would cause a large portion of people to become anti-social and they will draw into reticence . But then , they will be those who will program their minds to make them want to convince people that they should live in harmony and coexist together. They will form societies preaching the lack of communication amongst each other. These societies will have leaders who will play the same role that the pope did in 2000 ,when dolly was cloned . Thus, at the organisational level , life on eath will be same as what it was in 2000 ,or for that matter in any age you wish to consider . A* But then , what reason will people have to live ? What purpose will they define ? C* You cannot imagine this society with same intent as that which was there in earlier years. People will bear relatively same feeling but will have different forms of expression .

History Quiz †Western Civilization to Middle Ages Essay

Introduction HIS100 History of Western Civilization to Middle Ages Lesson 5 Quiz This assignment is worth a total of 60 points. Please make sure you have answered all questions prior to submitting. Once you click the submit button, you will not be able to return to this section. Question 1 of 60 What type of columns does the Parthenon have? | Alsacian| | Ionic| | Corinthian| | Doric| Question 2 of 60 In 490 B.C.E. the Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of | Plataea.| | Miltiades.| | Marathon.| | Miletus.| Question 3 of 60 Which of the following was NOT true of the 490 B.C.E. Athenian victory over the Persians? | It convinced the Greeks of their cultural superiority over barbarians.| | It ended Persian hopes of successfully invading Greece.| | It established the superiority of the hoplite and phalanx.| | It promoted the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes.| Question 4 of 60 Members of Darius I’s elite guard were known as the â€Å"immortals† because their numbers always remained at 10,000 | True| | False| Question 5 of 60 After Darius I died, his son _____ took over. | Leonidas| | Darius II| | Themistocles| | Xerxes| Question 6 of 60 He was the Spartan king responsible for defending the pass at Thermopylae during the second Persian invasion. | Miliades| | Xerxes| | Leonidas| | Themistocles| Question 7 of 60 Which of the following BEST describes the military history of the Persian Wars? | Greek unity was crucial in the military success over Persia.| | Sparta was solely responsible for the Greek victory.| | Spartan land forces and Athenian sea forces were superior to the much larger Persian armies and navies.| | Darius’ army was defeated by a plague, not by the Greeks.| Question 8 of 60 When the Athenian and Attica population reached its height at 350,000, less than 60,000 were citizens | True| | False| Question 9 of 60 Approximately what proportion of the population of Athens and surrounding Attica were slaves? | One-third| | One-fourth| | One-half| | Three-fifths| Question 10 of 60 He was the great historian of the Persian Wars. | Sophocles| | Thucydides| | Herodotus| | Aeschylus| Question 11 of 60 Which of the following MOST accurately describes the role of women in fifth century B.C.E. Athens? | They had full equality with Athenian males.| | They led public lives and controlled the household economy.| | They were dominated in the household yet played active roles in politics.| | They were excluded from public life and had limited power in the home.| Question 12 of 60 In fifth century Athens, most of the leaders came from the | ranks of the ostracized.| | aristocracy.| | rural population of farmers.| | ranks of the metics.| Question 13 of 60 Because Athenian political offices changed frequently and were filled by lot, leadership was often provided by | ekklesia.| | boule.| | consorteria.| | demagogues.| Question 14 of 60 Athenian democracy reached its peak under the leadership of | Herodotus.| | Pericles.| | Solon.| | Draco.| Question 15 of 60 Pericles did all of the following to achieve political influence EXCEPT | speak effectively in public.| | rely on the support of the aristocracy who tended to dominate political office.| | serve as general for the Athenian ekklesia.| | sponsor public works projects that employed the poor.| Question 16 of 60 Initially, Athens defeated Sparta but lost a fleet in this region, leading to open rebellion by Megara and Sparta. | Italy| | Persia| | Crete| | Egypt| Question 17 of 60 Pericles redirected foreign policy from | anti-Persian to anti-Spartan.| | aggressive imperialism to neutrality.| | neutrality to aggressive anti-imperialism.| | pro-Persian to pro-Spartan.| Question 18 of 60 The Peloponnesian War was PRIMARILY fought between | Athens and Persia.| | Athens and Sparta.| | Corinth and Athens.| | Sparta and Persia.| Question 19 of 60 Even though Persia lost the Persian wars, it ultimately gained some influence in Greek affairs by allying with _______ in the Peloponnesian Wars. | Athens| | Sparta| | Corinth| | Syracuse| Question 20 of 60 This Athenian politician offered an alliance with Persia in return for replacing the Athenian democracy with an oligarchy. | Lysander| | Alcibiades| | Pericles| | Themistocles| Question 21 of 60 This controversial Athenian philosopher searched for moral self-enlightenment by questioning all who claimed to possess wisdom. | Aristotle| | Plato| | Socrates| | Sophocles| Question 22 of 60 He wrote the first true history in his book of â€Å"inquiries† discussing the conflicts between the Greeks and Persians. | Herodotus| | Socrates| | Sophocles| | Thucydides| Question 23 of 60 He is known as â€Å"the father of history.† | Aristotle| | Thucydides| | Socrates| | Herodotus| Question 24 of 60 He wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War. | Herodotus| | Thucydides| | Socrates| | Dionysus| Question 25 of 60 He could be called the first political scientist. | Herodotus| | Plato| | Thucydides| | Darius| Question 26 of 60 All of the following were Athenian playwrights EXCEPT | Aeschylus.| | Aristophanes.| | Thucydides.| | Euripides.| Question 27 of 60 He wrote Antigone. | Aristophanes| | Aeschylus| | Euripides| | Sophocles| Question 28 of 60 He wrote Lysistrata. | Aristophanes| | Aeschylus| | Euripides| | Sophocles| Question 29 of 60 The style achieved by the Athenian sculptor Phidias can BEST be described as | seeking naturalism and realism in the idealized human figure.| | abandoning the human form in favor of geometric symbolism.| | abandoning idealism in favor of accurate portraiture.| | restoring the Egyptian tradition of kouros.| Question 30 of 60 The greatest architectural and sculptural compositions of antiquity were the temples on the acropolis in Athens | True| | False| Question 31 of 60 Every surface of the Parthenon has a slight curve | True| | False| Question 32 of 60 After victory in the Peloponnesian War, the Spartans | continued to attack Persia.| | immediately retreated to their homes.| | provoked opposition throughout the Greek world.| | emerged as popular leaders of the Greek world.| Question 33 of 60 He was Plato’s teacher. | Sophocles| | Aristophanes| | Aristotle| | Socrates| Question 34 of 60 Which best describes Plato’s political views? | He was satisfied with the government as it existed in Athens during his life.| | He suggested a balance between democracy and oligarchy.| | He advocated creation of a government ruled by a philosopher.| | He demanded an increased democratization of the constitution.| Question 35 of 60 Plato’s philosophy emphasized | an ideal world of eternal forms.| | the experience of pleasure.| | the existence of atomic particles.| | research based on observations in the material world.| Question 36 of 60 Which of the following BEST describes Aristotle’s philosophy? | Man can know nothing.| | One should submit to fate and one’s role in it.| | Systematic observation yields valid general theories.| | He had little faith in moderate views.| Question 37 of 60 The kingdom that moved into the power vacuum created when Athens, Sparta, and Thebes fought each other was | Egypt.| | Messenia.| | Persia.| | Macedonia.| Question 38 of 60 He murdered his way to the throne of Macedonia. | Alexander| | Philip I| | Philip II| | Philip III| Question 39 of 60 Philip II formed this in 338 B.C.E., uniting the Greek city-states after his victory at Chaeronea. | The Peloponnesian League| | The League of Corinth| | The Macedonian League| | The Delian League| Question 40 of 60 Alexander carefully unraveled the Gordium knot, thus becoming master of all Europe | True| | False| Question 41 of 60 Alexander’s conquests took him as far east as modern | Iran.| | Burma.| | China.| | India.| Question 42 of 60 Alexander’s main political objective was to | merge local and Greek peoples and traditions to create a lasting empire.| | punish the Persians for invading Greece.| | take as much treasure as possible back to Macedonia.| | maintain separation between Greek and local populations.| Question 43 of 60 Alexander the Great died at the ripe old age of 62 | True| | False| Question 44 of 60 During Hellenistic ties, the language of the empire was | Farsi.| | Koine.| | Ptolematic.| | Hellenic.| Question 45 of 60 Until the second century B.C.E., Greeks indentified themselves by their city of origin | True| | False| Question 46 of 60 In Egypt, some of the Ptolemys adopted the Egyptian tradition of royal marriages between brothers and sisters | True| | False| Question 47 of 60 In the Hellenistic cities, women | often fought in war.| | were restricted in both public and private life.| | enjoyed fewer liberties than their Greek counterparts.| | assumed a greater role in public life and property ownership.| Question 48 of 60 This city was famous for the greatest library of the ancient world. | Alexandria| | Athens| | Corinth| | Memphis| Question 49 of 60 He was the acknowledged master of the short, witty epigram. | Menander| | Antiochus| | Callimachus| | Theocritus| Question 50 of 60 Which of the following was NOT a Hellenistic writer? | Menander| | Antiochus| | Callimachus| | Theocritus| Question 51 of 60 Which of the following schools of philosophy was NOT prevalent during the Hellenistic period? | Stoicism| | Epicureanism| | Cynicism| | Existentialism| Question 52 of 60 He established the cynic tradition. | Antisthenes| | Socrates| | Zeno| | Diogenes| Question 53 of 60 He was the founder of stoicism. | Antisthenes| | Socrates| | Zeno| | Diogenes| Question 54 of 60 They believed that true happiness consists in freely accepting one’s role. | Stoics| | Epicureans| | Cynics| | Existentialists| Question 55 of 60 He wrote Elements, the fundamental textbook on geometry. | Aeschylus| | Archimedes| | Euclid| | Pythagoras| Question 56 of 60 He calculated the approximate value of pi. | Aeschylus| | Archimedes| | Euclid| | Pythagoras| Question 57 of 60 Some of the technological inventions of the Hellenistic world were water pumps, the screw, a copy machine, a water clock, and the odometer | True| | False| Question 58 of 60 Who was the leader of Athens during its â€Å"Golden Age†? | Pericles| | Solon| | Aeschylus| | Socrates| Question 59 of 60 He is known as the â€Å"father of medicine.† | Pythagoras| | Hippocrates| | Homer| | Hesiod| Question 60 of 60 He wrote The Republic. | Homer| | Plato| | Socrates| | Sophocles| Perception is licensed to Rio Salado CollegeCopyright  © 2013 Rio Salado College. All Rights Reserved. Bottom of Form

How to Overcome a Fear

It is natural for everyone, even the most courageous people, to have fears, which are the body’s bad emotional reactions to something frightened. However, when fears limit people’s everyday routine and keep them from living their life normally, it is time to take control, which is not an easy work. Most people want to overcome their fears, but are not sure how. Here are 4 steps which will be helpful to overcome fears. The first step is analyzing the fear. The more clearly you understand your fear, the easier for you to find how to handle it.Therefore, in this very first stage, you need to identify your fear: its name, its cause and its effect; and determine whether there is a good reason for the existence of the fear because some fears can be healthy emotions that protect you from danger. After that, you also should think about what exactly you want to change. It means that beside the big goal: overcoming the fear, smaller ones is necessary to be set to help you get the re. For example, if your fear is heights, you may want to be able to go on a hiking trip with the outdoor club at school.One more important thing is that all this fear analysis should be written down as a journal. It will be a good way to track your progress of conquering your fear and also a guide for the next time when you have another problem. After the fear is analyzed, in this second step, it will have to be taken control of. It depends on what your fear is. If you are afraid of something because it is a mystery, try exposing yourself to it in small doses until you gain a better understanding and your fear begins to dissipate.Or, if you are frightened by a particular thing, confronting head-on will be the best way to overcome it. No matter which situation you are in, taking control of a fear is not easy. It will take many times before you can declare it conquered. During that long period, to give up is simple and to keep trying is difficult. When you face with setbacks, it can be tempting to give up. Hence, stay determined to persevere even when it seems impossible to get past your fear by keeping these pointers in mind: do not confuse fear with fate and do not let other people hold you back.Changing the way of thinking about fear is the next step. It has to be admitted that sometimes fear also incite feelings of exhilaration and even passion. That is why people enjoy extreme sports, horror movies or other risky games. Try to reframe your fear in a positive light and acknowledge the thrill it can offer and you will not find it frightened anymore. Moreover, fear can be used as a tool to help us identify problems and solve them effectively. It is a guidepost warning us when something needs attention.Once the discomfort of the initial wave of fear passes, examine it more closely to see what you can learn. When you start seeing fear as a source of energy or an opportunity for promotion, you might even embrace its role in your life. Finally, give the fear a pl ace in the life because there is no way to eliminate it totally. Like joy or sadness, fear is a valid emotion. It builds your character and teaches you how to act with courage. Also, do not wait until the fear has been completely overcome to give yourself a pat on the back for your effort.Celebrate each milestone and when you see how good it feels to gain an edge on the fear, you will be ready to face the next one head-on. In conclusion, there are four major steps to help people overcome a fear: analyze the fear, take control of it, change the way of thinking about it and give it a place in the life. All of these steps are not simple and often take much of time and effort to be successful. However, nothing is impossible if you really want and try your best to gain it.

Biological Beginnings Essays

Biological Beginnings Essays Biological Beginnings Paper Biological Beginnings Paper The biological beginnings of human can be considered complex. It has various significant branches that can be interrelated to one another. These consequently determine or uniquely classify one from another in terms of psychological, physiological, and social aspects. This is also the area where illnesses emanate, like cancer, Alzheimer’s, psychosomatic illnesses, and the like. These â€Å"mechanisms† are transmitted from generation to the next through the principles of genetics. Every person contains â€Å"genetic codes† inherited from their respective parents. These codes are unique from one person to another, and therefore provide different individual traits and characteristics. Some traits can overlap but none would be exactly the same as of the other person. Genetic foundations, one of the branches of the biological beginnings, involved several sub-categories such as the genes, meiosis and mitosis, principles of genetics, behavior genetics, molecular genetics, and gene-linked abnormalities and chromosomes (Santrock 2005). The beginning of life starts from the unification of the sperm and of the egg cell. The combined cell contains the information â€Å"genetic codes† of what the person becomes. During the conception would and after giving birth, these cells would eventually replicate to a quantity of about trillion cells, each containing the same â€Å"code† of the original cell. The nucleus of every human cell is comprised of around 46 chromosomes, a threadlike figure that consists of 23 pairs wherein one member of each pair belongs respectively to the parent. Each chromosome contains an extraordinary substance called the DNA or the Deoxyribonucleic acid. This DNA eventually carries the genetic code or information. Genes considered as the unit of hereditary data or information has a short segment structure comprised of DNA’s. Furthermore, the genes serves as a relative reference or blueprint to other cells to enable self-reproduction and to manufacture important proteins to sustain life. The Meiosis and Mitosis serves as the processes on the biological aspect to fully comprehend how and what are the functions of the genes. Mitosis is the process of dividing cells upon which the cell material is replicated or duplicated so that two daughter cells would be formed. The chromosomes are also duplicated before the cells are divided so that the correct number of chromosomes would be the same. Each of the human being’s body cell has 46 separate chromosomes or 23 pairs. The pair comprised of 22 body or autosomal pairs and the last pair comprised of the sex chromosomes. These daughter cells also have 23 pairs of chromosomes similar to the original cell. In Meiosis, the sex cells are divided into two, thus producing 4 daughter cells. It is the process of reducing the number of chromosomes in a sex cell to half of the original quantity. The reduction division is one phase of the Meiosis process and when completed each cell produced contains 23 chromosomes, upon which these will eventually be contributed to the zygote for a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 individual chromosomes. The zygote is the single cell formed when the ovum is fertilized by the sperm cell, the reproduction process. This zygote contains 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 individual chromosomes. There are several genetic principles that have been discovered such as the sex-linked genes, the dominant and recessive genes, the inherited polygenically characteristics, canalization, and reaction range. The sex-linked genes refer to the existence of two sex cells out of the 46 chromosomes in a human being. Discovered in 1920, the female has two X chromosomes while the male has an X and Y-chromosomes. This will consequently determine the resulting sex of the new born. The dominant-recessive genes principle described the relevant behavior of two genes; the dominant gene usually overrides the recessive gene. The recessive gene exerts its power if both genes are recessive. The traits or characteristics being carried by the dominant gene (brown eyes, dimples, etc.) would be passed on to the child if the combined genes are dominant-recessive type. The Polygenic inheritance is the principle in genetics wherein the genes combines to form or produce a specific characteristic. Only a few psychological traits are formed from single cell, the rest are the results of the interaction of different genes from one another.

Reading Quiz on A Hanging by George Orwell

Reading Quiz on A Hanging by George Orwell First published in 1931, A Hanging is one of George Orwells best-known essays. To test your understanding of Orwells narrative, take this brief quiz, and then compare your responses with the answers on page two. 1. George Orwell’s â€Å"A Hanging† is set in which one of the following countries?(A) India(B) Burma(C) England(D) Eurasia(E) Persia 2. At what time of day do the events in A Hanging take place?(A) about an hour before sunrise(B) in the morning(C) at high noon(D) late in the afternoon(E) at sunset 3. In paragraph three, a bugle call is described as desolately thin in the wet air. In this context, the word desolately means(A) without hope or comfort(B) with doubt or suspicion(C) in a quiet manner, softly(D) lacking a tune or silently(E) in a sentimental or romantic way 4. Which one of the following characters does not appear in Orwell’s A Hanging†?(A) the hangman, a gray-haired convict in the white uniform of the prison(B) the superintendent of the jail, [who] was an army doctor, with a gray toothbrush moustache and a gruff voice(C) Francis, the head jailer(D) a Hindu prisoner, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes(E) an old Indian judge, with a gold-rimmed monocle and a handlebar moustache 5. When the procession to the gallows is interrupted by a dog (which made a dash for the prisoner and . . . tried to lick his face), what does the superintendent say?(A) Come here, pooch.(B) Shoot it!(C) Never a dull moment.(D) Who let that bloody brute in here?(E) Leave him alone. Let him be. 6. The narrator doesnt refer directly to himself or use a pronoun in the first-person singular until paragraph eight. Which sentence marks this shift in point of view?(A) For Gods sake hurry up, Francis, I said irritably.(B) I fixed the rope round the prisoners neck.(C) Then we put my handkerchief through its collar...(D) I reached out with my stick and poked the bare brown body...(E) The superintendent passed the whisky to me. 7. What simple action by the prisoner causes the narrator to realize for the first time what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man?(A) saying God bless you(B) avoiding a puddle(C) petting the dog(D) praying(E) calling for his daughter 8. What is the one word that the prisoner cries out (repeatedly)?(A) â€Å"Innocent!†(B) â€Å"Help!†(C) â€Å"Ram!†(D) â€Å"No!†(E) â€Å"Stella!† 9. After the hanging, the narrator reports that Francis was walking by the superintendent, talking garrulously. In this context, what does garrulously mean?(A) in a rambling or excessively talkative way(B) softly, reverently(C) in a pompous, self-important manner(D) sorrowfully(E) in a hesitant, uncertain manner 10. At the very end of Orwell’s â€Å"A Hanging,† what do the remaining characters (that is, all but the prisoner and, presumably, the dog) do?(A) pray for the soul of the dead prisoner(B) discuss the ethical dimensions of their behavior(C) shoot the dog(D) hang another Hindu(E) laugh and drink whiskey Answers to the Reading Quiz on A Hanging (B) Burma(B) in the morning(A) without hope or comfort(E) an old Indian judge, with a gold-rimmed monocle and a handlebar moustache(D) Who let that bloody brute in here?(C) Then we put my handkerchief through its collar...(B) avoiding a puddle(C) â€Å"Ram!†(A) in a rambling or excessively talkative way(E) laugh and drink whiskey

Analysis of the UK Music Retail Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of the UK Music Retail Industry - Essay Example Music is a hobby for every one in five adults in the United Kingdom (UK). Music is a lifestyle for a large proportion of the UK people. Majority of the people in the UK listen to music everyday at home, at work and while enjoying their leisure in other places. The significance of music in a consumer lifestyle is emphasized by study results, which indicate that music access has been enhanced by new technology and other trends. Music retailers in the UK include Woolworths, Zavvi, HMV, EMI, Universal, Sony, and Warner (Key Note 2011, p1). Many of these retailers offer CDs, cassettes and vinyl. For a long time the â€Å"bricks and mortar† music retail shops dominated the UK market. However, there has been a sharp reduction in their market share over the past decade with online retailers like Amazon winning, from the brick and mortar shops, a recognizable share of the market. Several physical retails stores in the UK market have been forced to close some of their branches in view o f the various changes and challenges that have graced the market. The paper will highlight some of the changes that have been witnessed in the UK market and will provide a PEST analysis of the UK music retail industry. 1.2 PEST Analysis 1.2.1 Political Environment Control on copyright and recording places potential limitations on the formal distribution channels, for instance, downloading music online (Burt and Sparks 2003, p74). In other words, formal distribution channels have been affected by recording and copyright controls and laws. The present issue concerning the political environment in the UK involves VAT. The problem of Low Value Consignment Relief (a tax mechanism that allows retailers to utilize distribution channels in Channel Islands to sell goods at a low price in UK without the need to pay VAT) has been a thorny issue for the physical music retailers in UK. The music retailers feel that it will make bricks and mortar music shops be disadvantaged in terms of costs. Mu sic retailers’ fears have been increased with the recent move by the government to raise VAT to 20 percent from 17.5 percent (Cardew 2011, p1). 1.2.2 Economic Environment The relatively low cost of music media and devices indicates that there will be little recessionary pressure on sales and expenditures. The recent economic recession hugely affected consumer spending and resulted in revenue fall in the music industry by an average of 3.7 percent in 2009 (McMillan 2011, p5). While the recent recession saw a significant drop in sales of music albums and media between 2009 and 2010, the economic situation of UK has improved in 2011. This means that across the country, the level of disposable income has grown meaning that consumers may be willing to spend more on entertainment. â€Å"Bricks and mortar† music shops which operate with considerably high overheads tend to set higher prices for their products as noted by McMillan (2011, p6). 1.2.3 Social Environment Some of th e physical music retailers in UK have a popular image in the society meaning that they attract a wide range of customers. The population aged between 19 and 40 is heavily involved with and have varied tastes of music. It is important to note that while the younger generation is more comfortable with using high tech equipment such as computers, iPods, Shuffle flash disks and the likes, the older generation is more conservative and therefore prefer to us CDs, cassettes and vinyl players. What this means is

Making Provision for the Inclusion of Disabled Pupils in Mainstream Essay

Making Provision for the Inclusion of Disabled Pupils in Mainstream Schools - Essay Example Inclusion program for disabled children bestow substantial representation for both mental and physical disabilities of students in public schools and current education system in England requires innovative researches and strategies in this field. In general, the term disability is used to point toward a physical or mental circumstance that limits person’s movements, senses or both physiological and psychological activities (Sport and Persons with Disabilities, n.d, p.3). Children with disabilities find it as really hard to practice various physical activities and sports programs. In mainstream education, teachers and education professionals have often failed to ensure the participation of disabled children in physical education program. Different disabilities such as, physical disability, mental disability, developmental disability, chronic illness and external injuries cause both mental and physical pain among the children with disabilities. In general education, implementati on of various inclusion programs provides innovative ideas for teachers as well the children to overcome the problems in doing physical education. It is significant to notice that disability is not a personal misdemeanor or mistake. For that reason, disabled children need active representation in physical education as well the mainstream students.... It is obvious that a collaborative effort from the part of government and non-government agencies is essential in the field of promoting physical education in disabled children. Enrichment of inclusion programs gives numerous opportunities for pupils as well teachers. Innovative teaching strategies and sufficient inclusion programs permit a teacher of physical education in mainstream school for making provision of a disabled pupil. Different types of disabilities which could affect a pupil from doing physical education and why that specific disability could affect the child in Physical education Various kinds of disabilities such as developmental, mental, physical disabilities, chronic illnesses, external injuries and mobility impairment become the barriers in doing physical education among the children with disabilities. Mental and developmental disabilities prevent the children from understanding particular physical activities or games, while physical and disability in motor develo pment prevent their participation in particular physical activities and games. Generally, disabled children show their unwillingness to do physical education or games because of physical pain and fear. Even though disability is considered as not a crime or individual mistake, majority of disabled children in mainstream classrooms suffer from severe inferiority complex and they avoid the chances to cop up with other children. Developmental problems affect both physical and mental growth of a person. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is considered as a major developmental disorder which affects the children. Children having autism often fail to communicate with

Organization Psychology and Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization Psychology and Behavior - Essay Example organizations assign responsibility to its people, develops hierarchy, discusses rules and regulations and how these elements collaborate together in affecting the overall life of the organization. This frame revolves around how an organization keenly steps forward to develop, train, manage, motivate and reward its employees. For majority of the organizations, their employees are their key assets. This frame also deals with issues that can give rise to employee satisfaction, retention, training and development. The frame revolves around the political aspects within an organization. It defines that how one can gain power; lose the authority, competition for scarce resources and the ability and the need to establish coalitions with other people. It also discusses that how people make new relations and cultivates friendship with other people within an organization on the basis of loyalty and negotiation skills. This frame discusses that how an organizational culture, the symbolic behaviors of the employees, rituals, organizational development, creativity, communication and organization represents itself through it’s vision, mission, values and goals. The ‘Safety Memo’ issue can be resolved if all and everyone in the organization have focused more on its hierarchical level. The Structure of the company was itself a problem; giving rise to many problems such as the loss control process by different individuals. The gap between different levels of managements has given rise to communication gap and therefore, it is one of the reasons that the company should focus on enhancing its hierarchical structure in more organized manner. It is important for the employees to resolve their issues verbally with each other rather accusing one another for the mistakes. It is also very important for the organization to build trust between employees in a working sphere. Every team or employee should have a strong reporting end that can defend his team or employees in front of

Case Study: Fractured Hand

Case Study: Fractured Hand Introduction The reflective framework chosen for this case study is that of Peters (1991). This framework has been used and favourable evaluated within education (Bell and Gillett, 1996). Peters’ (1991) reflective framework incorporates a guideline called DATA comprising four steps; Describe Analyse Theorize Action The first step is the description of an aspect of practice the clinician wants to change. Identification would be made of the context and the reason the clinician wants to change the practice and their feelings about this. Analysis involves identification of the factors that lead to and the assumptions that support the present approach. This includes analysis of beliefs, rules and motives supporting the present approach (Imel, 1992). Theorizing is the next step which looks at the theories for developing a new approach building on the theories that were identified that were supporting the present approach. The final step is the action putting the new theories (if appropriate) into practice to ensure that such cases continue to be managed appropriately in the future. â€Å"Success of this process would occur only through additional thought and reflection† (Murray, 2006). DATA Description Patient presentation At 11 am a 64 year old lady presented to the Accident and Emergency Department with a painful right wrist following a fall. We shall call her Betty but, in order to protect confidentiality, that was not her real name. She had been brought to the department by car by her husband. Patient assessment History Betty was seen by the triage nurse and subsequent upon waiting her turn was allocated a cubicle. I saw her at 11.20 hours. An understanding of the pathophysiology of fracture is important if important aspects of the patient’s history are not to be missed. Firstly taking an adequate history of the accident, including details of the mechanism of the fall, will help the clinician to decide whether the amount of force applied to the bone would be of the degree that would be expected to cause that particular fracture. Secondly there may be underling osteoporosis leading to fracture with minimal trauma. There may be factors in the history suggestive of osteoporosis e.g. use of systemic steroids (Angeli, 2006) or early menopause without subsequent hormone replacement therapy. A fracture which occurs after only minimal trauma and from a standing height or less, the degree of trauma being that which would not normally be expected to fracture healthy bone, may be what is known as a fragility fracture. This occurs where a bone is weakened by a pathological process , (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998) such as osteo porosis. In distinction a pathological fracture occurs because of metastatic bone disease. Thirdly not just the mechanism of the fall but the reason for the fall needs to be considered. Betty had slipped on some ice when walking outside to her car. In the absence of such a clear history other factors in the history should be considered; for instance â€Å"funny turns,† visual problems, cerebrovascular accidents, or non accidental injury. It is important to directly enquire about that last aspect. Examination On inspection Betty’s right wrist was swollen. The skin was intact. There was some distortion of the normal contour of the arm typical of a â€Å"dinner folk† deformity. The distal part of the radius was angulated dorsally, the wrist supinated and the hand deviated towards the thumb. On palpation the distal radius was markedly tender. There was no crepitus. Betty was unable to use her right arm at all. The radial and ulnar pulses were readily palpable and there was good capillary refill in the hand. Sensation in the radial, ulnar and median nerve dermatomes was normal as were finger and thumb movements. The preliminary diagnosis of Colles fracture was made with some degree of confidence since the patient was a 64 year old female who had fallen on an outstretched and had classic examination findings of such a common injury. Investigations For a completely confident diagnosis a plain X ray was required. For an X ray of a suspected fractured limb the following are requirements (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998); The X ray should be in two different planes at right angles. The X ray should involve the joint above and below the suspected fracture site. In this case the wrist and the elbow. Diagnosis X ray examination of Betty’s arm revealed a transverse extra articular fracture of the distal radius within one inch of the wrist joint. The distal radial fragment was displaced dorsally. A Colles fracture could now be diagnosed with confidence. Management Analgesia was given by intra muscular injections of morphine 10 mg and stemetil 12.5 mg. The arm had been temporarily immobilised with a splint and elevated to prevent further injury and swelling prior to the X ray examination. Arrangements were made for prompt reduction of the fracture. The displaced fracture was reduced and manipulated and then immobilised. Betty chose to have a general anaesthetic for this procedure. To disimpact the fracture Betty’s hand was pulled distally whilst her wrist was hyper extended. Once disimpaction had been achieved the wrist was manipulated so that it was flexed with some ulnar deviation and pronation. In this position it was immobilised by a plaster cast which extended from just distal to the elbow to the metacarpophalangeal joints. These joints (and therefore the plaster) were at the site of the transverse skin crease across the palm. When the plaster had been applied Betty could move her elbow joint and her fingers and thumb. A check X ray confirmed the bone ends to be in a satisfactory position. Post operative instruction Betty was advised to wear her right arm in a sling and to move her shoulder, elbow and her fingers and thumb to prevent stiffness in these joints. Complications of immobilisation in fracture are joint stiffness and tissueand especially muscle, atrophy. An important and serious complication is Sudek’s atrophy which probably occurs due to neurological and microvascular compromise. Better was instructed to contact the hospital if her fingers became painful, swollen, cold or discoloured. This could indicate that the plaster was too tight and impeding the circulation. Rarely carpal tunnel syndrome can occur due to pressure on the median nerve at the wrist. Betty was then discharged once she had recovered fully from the anaesthetic and was able to walk around. Betty asked if she could drive and this was allowed following evidence that driving is safe with a right Colles plaster (Blair, 2002). A further review was arranged for one week. Betty was advised th at the fracture would most likely heal in four to six weeks. Once the fracture had healed by six weeks the plaster was removed and physiotherapy was advised. DATA Analysis On analysis of the case presentation it is apparent that the well known clinical features of a fracture were present; Pain Tenderness Swelling Immobility Deformity as were the five classical features of a Colles fracture, often called the â€Å"dinner fork deformity† (GP Notebook, 2006); Dorsal displacement of distal fragment Distal fragment dorsally angulated Hand deviated towards the thumb Wrist joint supinated Proximal impaction The absence of crepitus might be explained by the fact of the fracture being impacted. A fracture of the distal radius is one of the commonest fractures in adults (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998). The Colles fracture was first described by Collees in 1814 (GP Notebook 2006) and is a transverse fracture across the distal radius within one inch of the wrist joint with dorsal displacement and angulation of the distal part of the radius. Sometimes a Colles fracture is associated with a fracture of the ulnar styloid (GP Notebook, 2006) and this must be sought on X ray. A Galeazzi fracture (GP Notebook, 2006) is a distal radial fracture associated with a dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint and is important to diagnose (also by means of an X ray) since it requires open fixation to promote adequate healing. Another injury also caused by a fall on the outstretched hand and which it is important not to miss is a fractured scaphoid (Hodgkinson, 1994). This is clinically characterised by tenderness in the â€Å"anatomical snuff box† which is that area on the back of the hand found by hyperextension of the thumb. If present this fracture mandates appropriate immobilisation to reduce the risk of subsequent disabling avascular necrosis. Other injuries can occur following a fall on the outstretched hand, such as fractures to the clavicle, humerus and other parts of the radius hence the need for the wide area of vi ew on X ray examination. Although the presentation was a typical one there was not a mechanism in place to arrange suitable follow up for Betty to see if measures were necessary to protect her from subsequent osteporotic hip fracture. This problem is not an uncommon one in accident and emergency departments as found by a systematic review of 35 studies showing that those individuals with fragility fractures seldom received investigation or treatment of osteoporosis (Giangregorio, 2006). The writer feels that such action would be important since Colless fracture is common and hip fracture a devasting condition. The writer feels that quite simple steps could be put in place to arrange appropriate follow up. An analysis of why Colles fractures are commoner in women than in men needs to consider the full picture. For instance initially it might be assumed that because postmenopausal women are lacking in oestrogen and therefore predisposed to osteoporosis that is the only reason. However research has shown that women have more falls than men and they are more likely, when they fall, to fall forwards onto the outstretched hand (O’Neill, 1994). There is an assumption that the risk assessment for likelihood of subsequent hip fracture will be dealt by someone else. The accident and emergency department does need to concentrate on the acute problem. However hip fracture will necessitate subsequent accident and emergency department involvement. Preventative measures may be a neglected but important aspect of the accident and emergency role despite resources being an ever restraining factor. DATA Theorizing Fracture healing is affected by general and local factors (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998). The general factors include the patient’s age, wellbeing, nutritional and endocrinological state. With regard to the local factors a compound fracture (i.e. a fracture which involves breach of the overlying skin) incorporates a risk of infection which will prejudice healing. Local factors affecting healing include the site of the fracture, proximity of bone ends and adequacy of blood supply. The pathophysiology of fracture healing consists of three stages (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998); Inflammatory phase Repair phase Remodelling phase In the inflammatory phase haematoma contains osteoclasts which remove dead bone. Over two weeks granulation tissue forms which contains osteoblasts which form new bone. In the reparative phase the granulation tissue becomes fibrocartilagenous callus. The callus gradually turns into bone during the consolidation phase. Remodelling occurs as the bone adapts under the influence of the stresses placed upon it. Delayed union occurs when healing requires an excessive duration and non union when there is a failure to heal. Factors associated with poor union include a poor blood supply or displaced bone ends. Treatment is aimed at reducing this risk by optimising the position of the fragments and immobilising them. To develop a new approach to the prophylaxis of hip fracture will require multidisciplinary agreement with the formulation of guideline for information giving to both patient and general practitioner. Ideally an appointment would be generated for the bone mineral density scanning and reporting and advising. A mechanism of patient information will be required in parallel. DATA Actions proposed Treatment plan The aims of the proposed action were to achieve; Healing of the bone, and Preservation of function of the arm and wrist joint. There was more than minimal displacement of the fractured bone therefore manipulation was required. During manipulation it was important to pull the hand in order to disimpact the fracture. Manipulation then involved a reversal of the position that was present making up the dinner fork deformity. Management If the fracture is displaced this may, if left untreated, lead to breach of the overlying skin and convert a closed fracture to an open one with the subsequent increased infection risk. An unreduced displaced fracture may compromise the blood supply distally. Correctly to lessen these risks Betty’s fracture was reduced promptly. The treatment consisted of (GP Note book, 2006); Disimpaction Manipulation Immobilisation Rehabilitation in order to preserve function The aim of immobilisation was to allow the fracture to heal without movement of the bone ends but to facilitate as much movement of the unaffected joints as possible. An understanding of the pathophysiology of fracture helps to determine what the risk is for subsequent fracture. If this risk is high it will be advantageous to give some prophylactic treatment to lessen this risk. The fractures with greater morbidity are hip fractures and vertebral fractures and a radial fracture may be an â€Å"early warning† sign of an unacceptable risk of fracture with a more serious consequence. Bone mineral density measurements may be indicated in the near future. If this is outside the normal range and taken in conjunction with the present fracture there may be a need to consider prophylactic measures against osteoporosis and further fracture. A Colles fracture is associated with subsequent hip fracture but the association is greater in men than in women according to a metanalysis (Haentjens, 2003). Nonetheless it may be prudent to advise Betty to check with her general practitioner whether she now falls into the category of the local guideline for measuring bone mineral density. Woman with a Colles fracture within ten years of the menopause had an eight fold increase incidence of hip fracture compared with the rest of the population but the increased risk diminished by age 70 in a study by Wigderowitz (2000). In this study bone mineral density was lower in women who had a Colles fracture that in the general population but after age 66 there was no significant difference. The paper concluded women of 65 and under presenting with a Colles fracture should undergo bone mineral density testing. Bone mineral density checking though not an exact predictor of subsequent fracture is a worthwhile measurement in diagnosing osteoporo sis (Small, 2005). Treatments are available and might be considered if osteoporosis is confirmed (McCarus, 2006). Guidelines are also available (SIGN, 2003). Oestrogen does protect bone from osteoporosis but is no longer recommended as first line prophylaxis in view of recent studies showing concern about the association with cardiovascular adverse events (Sicat, 2004). Other options include raloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator which reduces spinal but not hip fractures and biphsophonates e.g. alendronate which does reduce hip fracture incidence (British National Formulary, 2006). Action on prophylaxis would likely most easily and consistently be arranged via computerisation of letter of appointment and information to the patient following discharge. This would necessitate no increased time or resources within the department but would cover all at risk patients. References Angeli A Guglielmi G Dovio A et al 2006 High prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: A cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone. 39(2) 253-9 Bell M and Gillett M 1996 Developing reflective practice in the education of university teachers. Different Approaches: Theory and Practice in Higher Education. Proceedings HERDSA Conference 1996. Perth, Western Australia, 8-12 July. http://www.herdsa.org.au/confs/1996/bell.html Accessed 23 June 2006 Blair S Chaudhri O Gregori A 2002 Doctor, can I drive with this plaster? An evidence based response. Injury. 33(1) 55-6. British National Formulary. 2006 British Medical Association London. Giangregorio L Papaioannou A Cranney A et al 2006 Fragility fractures and the osteoporosis care gap: an international phenomenon. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 35(5) 293-305 GP Notebook http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/1584070660.htm accessed 23 June 2006. Accessed 23 June 2006 Haentjens P Autier P Collins J et al 2003 Colles fracture, spine fracture, and subsequent risk of hip fracture in men and women. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A(10):1936-43 Hodgkinson DW Kurdy N Nicholson DA et al 1994 ABC of Emergency Radiology: the wrist BMJ 308:464-468 Imel S 1992 Reflective Practice in Adult Education. ERIC Digest No. 122 ED346319 http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-3/adult.htm accessed on 23 June 2006 Majid and Kingsnorth 1998 Fundamentals of surgical practice. Greenwich Medical Media. London McCarus DC 2006 Fracture prevention in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 61(1) 39-50 Murray B Lafrenz LU 2006 The Role of Reflective Practice in Integrating Creativity in a Fashion Design Curriculum http://mountainrise.wcu.edu/archive/vol3no1/html/murraylafrenz.htm accessed 23 June 2006 Netdoctor http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/osteoporosistreatment.htm Accessed 23 June 2006 ONeill TW Varlow J Silman AJ et al 1994 Age and sex influences on fall characteristics. Ann Rheum Dis 53(11):773-5 Peters JM Jarvis P et al 1991 Adult education: Evolution and achievements in a developing field of study. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Quoted by Bell and Gillett 1996 Peters JM 1991 Strategies for Reflective Practice. In R. G. Brockett (Ed), Professional Development for Educators of Adults. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass. Quoted by Bell and Gillett 1996 Sicat BL 2004 Should postmenopausal hormone therapy be used to prevent osteoporosis? Consult Pharm. 19(8) 725-35 SIGN 2003 Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network 71 management of osteoporsis. Small RE 2005 Uses and limitations of bone mineral density measurements in the management of osteoporosis. MedGenMed. 2005 May 9;7(2) 3 Wigderowitz CA Rowley DI Mole PA et al 2000 Bone mineral density of the radius in patients with Colles fracture. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British) 82B 87-9 1